How does nationalism contribute to conflicts?

Nationalism contributes to conflicts primarily by promoting competition over national interests. Nationalism fosters a sense of pride and loyalty towards one’s nation, sometimes leading people to prioritize their national interests above all else, which can be at odds with the interests of other nations. This intense focus on national interests can create friction, as countries may engage in aggressive policies or actions to assert their dominance or protect their resources.

Moreover, when different nations adopt extreme nationalist sentiments, it can lead to a zero-sum perspective where the gain of one nation is perceived as a loss for another. This perspective fosters an environment ripe for conflict, whether through military means, economic rivalry, or diplomatic struggles. Conflicting national narratives can further escalate these tensions, contributing to instability both within and between nations.

In contrast, the other options present concepts that typically do not lead to conflict. Cultural exchange and unity among diverse groups generally encourage understanding and collaboration, while reducing the political power of the state could lead to internal strife but not necessarily contribute to international conflicts in the same way that aggressive nationalism can.