What document did Martin Luther create in 1517 to express his complaints against the Catholic Church?

Martin Luther created the "95 Theses" in 1517 to articulate his grievances against the practices of the Catholic Church, particularly the sale of indulgences. This document was significant as it formally challenged the Church's authority and sparked the Protestant Reformation. Luther's theses were a list of statements that criticized the Church's corruption and the theological practices that he found troubling, such as the belief that salvation could be bought.

The "95 Theses" were meant for academic debate and were initially posted on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church, where Luther was a professor. This act encouraged discussions which ultimately led to major changes in Christian thought and practice across Europe.

In contrast, the other documents listed do not pertain to Luther's complaints against the Catholic Church. The Declaration of Independence, for example, is a fundamental document in American history asserting the colonies' freedom from British rule, while the Magna Carta is a historic charter that established certain legal rights in England. The Institutes of the Christian Religion, written by John Calvin, is an important work in Protestant theology but came later and was not authored by Luther.