What was the major movement focusing on intellectual and artistic renewal that began in Italy in the 14th century?

The Renaissance was a significant movement that originated in Italy during the 14th century, marked by a rebirth of interest in the classical art, literature, and learning of ancient Greece and Rome. This period fostered a flourishing of artistic and intellectual achievement, greatly impacting philosophy, science, and the arts. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo exemplified the innovative spirit of the Renaissance, moving towards techniques that emphasized realism and human emotion.

The intellectual renewal manifest during the Renaissance was characterized by the humanist movement, which prioritized the study of the humanities and the potential of individuals, breaking away from the predominantly religious frameworks of the Middle Ages. This atmosphere of exploration and creativity helped lay the foundation for the modern age, influencing future developments in various fields.

In contrast, the Industrial Revolution primarily involved significant economic and technological changes centered around manufacturing and production processes, the French Revolution focused on political change and the struggle for rights and democracy, while the Protestant Reformation was a religious movement aimed at reforming the practices of the Catholic Church. Each of these other movements focused on different aspects of society and culture rather than the intellectual and artistic renewal that defines the Renaissance.