Which political system is characterized by loyalty to the state and typically led by a dictator?

The political system characterized by loyalty to the state and typically led by a dictator is fascism. In fascist regimes, the emphasis is placed on the power of the state over individual freedoms, and there is often a strong nationalistic sentiment. Fascism is marked by a centralized autocratic government led by a dictatorial leader, where political opposition is usually suppressed and the state controls many aspects of life, including the economy, culture, and education.

The focus on loyalty to the state creates a sense of unity and collective identity, often at the expense of personal liberties and democratic processes. This concentration of power in the hands of a single leader is a defining feature of fascism, distinguishing it from other political systems such as democracy, where power is distributed among elected representatives, or socialism, which emphasizes state or collective ownership of resources, typically within a framework that allows for political pluralism. Monarchy can involve a dictator but does not inherently require the totalitarian characteristics associated with fascism.